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1 быть как на горячих угольях
Makarov: be on the gridironУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > быть как на горячих угольях
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2 в сильном беспокойстве
General subject: on the gridironУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > в сильном беспокойстве
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3 Harrison, John
[br]b. 24 March 1693 Foulby, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 March 1776 London, England[br]English horologist who constructed the first timekeeper of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea and invented the gridiron pendulum for temperature compensation.[br]John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Copley Medal 1749.Bibliography1767, The Principles of Mr Harrison's Time-keeper, with Plates of the Same, London. 1767, Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by the Rev. Mr Maskelyne Under theAuthority of the Board of Longitude, London.1775, A Description Concerning Such Mechanisms as Will Afford a Nice or True Mensuration of Time, London.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press.—1978, John Harrison and His Timekeepers, 4th edn, London: National Maritime Museum.H.Quill, 1966, John Harrison, the Man who Found Longitude, London. A.G.Randall, 1989, "The technology of John Harrison's portable timekeepers", Antiquarian Horology 18:145–60, 261–77.J.Betts, 1993, John Harrison London (a good short account of Harrison's work). S.Smiles, 1905, Men of Invention and Industry; London: John Murray, Chapter III. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 35–6.DV -
4 Saxby, John
[br]b. 17 August 1821 Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, Englandd. 22 April 1913 Hassocks, Sussex, England[br]English railway signal engineer, pioneer of interlocking.[br]In the mid-1850s Saxby was a foreman in the Brighton Works of the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway, where he had no doubt become familiar with construction of semaphore signals of the type invented by C.H. Gregory; the London-Brighton line was one of the first over which these were installed. In the 1850s points and signals were usually worked independently, and it was to eliminate the risk of accident from conflicting points and signal positions that Saxby in 1856 patented an arrangement by which related points and signals would be operated simultaneously by a single lever.Others were concerned with the same problem. In 1855 Vignier, an employee of the Western Railway of France, had made an interlocking apparatus for junctions, and in 1859 Austin Chambers, who worked for the North London Railway, installed at Kentish Town Junction an interlocking lever frame in which a movement that depended upon another could not even commence until the earlier one was completed. He patented it early in 1860; Saxby patented his own version of such an apparatus later the same year. In 1863 Saxby left the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway to enter into a partnership with J.S.Farmer and established Saxby \& Farmer's railway signalling works at Kilburn, London. The firm manufactured, installed and maintained signalling equipment for many prominent railway companies. Its interlocking frames made possible installation of complex track layouts at increasingly busy London termini possible.In 1867 Saxby \& Farmer purchased Chambers's patent of 1860, Later developments by the firm included effective interlocking actuated by lifting a lever's catch handle, rather than by the lever itself (1871), and an improved locking frame known as the "gridiron" (1874). This was eventually superseded by tappet interlocking, which had been invented by James Deakin of the rival firm Stevens \& Co. in 1870 but for which patent protection had been lost through non-renewal.Saxby \& Farmer's equipment was also much used on the European continent, in India and in the USA, to which it introduced interlocking. A second manufacturing works was set up in 1878 at Creil (Oise), France, and when the partnership terminated in 1888 Saxby moved to Creil and managed the works himself until he retired to Sussex in 1900.[br]Bibliography1856, British patent no. 1,479 (simultaneous operation of points and signals). 1860, British patent no. 31 (a true interlocking mechanism).1867, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 538 (improvements to the interlocking mechanism patented in 1860).1870, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 569 (the facing point lock by plunger bolt).1871, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 1,601 (catch-handle actuated interlocking) 1874, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 294 (gridiron frame).Further ReadingWestinghouse Brake and Signal Company, 1956, John Saxby (1821–1913) and His Part in the Development of Interlocking and of the Signalling Industry, London (published to mark the centenary of the 1856 patent).PJGR -
5 мучиться неизвестностью
1) General subject: be on the anxious bench, be on the tenters, to be( sit, stand, walk) on thorns, to be on (the) tenter-hooks, to be on the gridiron2) American: be on the anxious seat3) Obsolete: to be on tenters4) Makarov: be on the gridiron, twist in the windУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > мучиться неизвестностью
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6 быть в сильном беспокойстве
1) General subject: to be on the gridiron2) Makarov: be on the gridironУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > быть в сильном беспокойстве
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7 αποτηγανιζόμενον
ἀποτηγανίζωeat off the gridiron: pres part mp masc acc sgἀποτηγανίζωeat off the gridiron: pres part mp neut nom /voc /acc sg -
8 ἀποτηγανιζόμενον
ἀποτηγανίζωeat off the gridiron: pres part mp masc acc sgἀποτηγανίζωeat off the gridiron: pres part mp neut nom /voc /acc sg -
9 Guillaume, Charles-Edouard
[br]b. 15 February 1861 Fleurier, Switzerlandd. 13 June 1938 Sèvres, France[br]Swiss physicist who developed two alloys, "invar" and "elinvar", used for the temperature compensation of clocks and watches.[br]Guillaume came from a family of clock-and watchmakers. He was educated at the Gymnasium in Neuchâtel and at Zurich Polytechnic, from which he received his doctorate in 1883 for a thesis on electrolytic capacitors. In the same year he joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres in France, where he was to spend the rest of his working life. He retired as Director in 1936. At the bureau he was involved in distributing the national standards of the metre to countries subscribing to the General Conference on Weights and Measures that had been held in 1889. This made him aware of the crucial effect of thermal expansion on the lengths of the standards and he was prompted to look for alternative materials that would be less costly than the platinum alloys which had been used. While studying nickel steels he made the surprising discovery that the thermal expansion of certain alloy compositions was less than that of the constituent metals. This led to the development of a steel containing about 36 per cent nickel that had a very low thermal coefficient of expansion. This alloy was subsequently named "invar", an abbreviation of invariable. It was well known that changes in temperature affected the timekeeping of clocks by altering the length of the pendulum, and various attempts had been made to overcome this defect, most notably the mercury-compensated pendulum of Graham and the gridiron pendulum of Harrison. However, an invar pendulum offered a simpler and more effective method of temperature compensation and was used almost exclusively for pendulum clocks of the highest precision.Changes in temperature can also affect the timekeeping of watches and chronometers, but this is due mainly to changes in the elasticity or stiffness of the balance spring rather than to changes in the size of the balance itself. To compensate for this effect Guillaume developed another more complex nickel alloy, "elinvar" (elasticity invariable), whose elasticity remained almost constant with changes in temperature. This had two practical consequences: the construction of watches could be simplified (by using monometallic balances) and more accurate chronometers could be made.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1920. Corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences. Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur 1937. Physical Society Duddell Medal 1928. British Horological Institute Gold Medal 1930.Bibliography1897, "Sur la dilation des aciers au nickel", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 124:176.1903, "Variations du module d"élasticité des aciers au nickel', Comptes rendushebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 136:498."Les aciers au nickel et leurs applications à l'horlogerie", in J.Grossmann, Horlogerie théorique, Paris, Vol. II, pp. 361–414 (describes the application of invar and elinvar to horology).Sir Richard Glazebrook (ed.), 1923 "Invar and Elinvar", Dictionary of Applied Physics, 5 vols, London, Vol. V, pp. 320–7 (a succinct account in English).Further ReadingR.M.Hawthorne, 1989, Nobel Prize Winners, Physics, 1901–1937, ed. F.N.Magill, Pasadena, Salem Press, pp. 244–51.See also: Le Roy, PierreDVBiographical history of technology > Guillaume, Charles-Edouard
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10 как на иголках
как (будто, словно, точно) на иголках (на иглах) (быть, сидеть и т. п.)разг.sit < as if> on pins < and needles>; cf. sit on thorns; be on tenterhooks (on edge, on nettles, on the anxious bench, on the gridiron); be all on wires; be < like a cat> on hot bricks (coals); be on the tiptoe of expectationМарья Ильинична сидела как на иголках; язык у неё так и свербел. (А. Пушкин, Арап Петра Великого) — Marya Ilyinishna sat as if on needles and pins; her tongue itched to speak...
Рогожин смотрел в недоумении и в ужасном беспокойстве переводил взгляды то на князя, то на Птицына. Дарья Алексеевна была как на иголках. (Ф. Достоевский, Идиот) — Rogozhin looked on with amazement and great anxiety, turning his eyes from Myshkin to Ptitsyn. Darya Alexeyevna seemed on tenterhooks of expectation.
Страх, что он может не выиграть, зависть и финансовые соображения, наполняющие его стриженую голову, не дают ему сидеть спокойно, сосредоточиться. Вертится он, как на иголках. (А. Чехов, Детвора) — The fear that he may not win, envy, and the financial combinations of which his cropped head is full, will not let him sit still and concentrate his mind. He fidgets as though he were sitting on thorns.
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11 в муках
1) General subject: in the throes, in the throes of (творчества и т. п.)2) Literal: on the gridiron -
12 как на угольях
1) General subject: like a hen on a hot girdle, on the anxious seat, on the gridiron, to be on hot coals, (быть) be on hot coals2) Makarov: be on hot coals, like a cat on hot bricks -
13 в муках
in the throes; ( в сильном беспокойстве) on the gridiron -
14 как на угольях
cf. be on hot coals (bricks); be on pins and needles; be on tenter-hooks; be on the gridiron; be (sit) on thorns; be on nettles; be all on wires; sit on pins; feel like a cat on hot bricksИх разговор, вероятно подслушивала хозяйка. Давыдов сидел, как на горячих угольях. Совершенно немыслимо, прямо-таки нетерпимо было его положение! (М. Шолохов, Поднятая целина) — The landlady was probably listening to their conversation. Davidov felt like a cat on hot bricks. He was in an impossible, unthinkable situation.
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15 быть как на горячих углях
General subject: to be on the gridironУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > быть как на горячих углях
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16 αποτηγανιζομένη
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17 ἀποτηγανιζομένῃ
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18 αποτηγανιζομένης
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19 ἀποτηγανιζομένης
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20 αποτηγανιζομένου
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